which, that
that和which都可引导定语从句,但以下情况引导定语从句的关系代词只能用that不能用which:
1.当先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything, little等不定代词,或被first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no等词修饰时,应该用关系代词that,不用which。
2.当先行词为形容词最高级所修饰时,关系代词用that不用which。
3.当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时,要用关系代词that而不用which。
4.在强调句型“It is〔was〕...that〔who〕...”中,只能用that,不能用which。
5.同位语从句除了用whether, what, why等引导外,通常还用that引导,但不用which。
6.当定语从句由介词加上关系代词来引导时,该关系代词代替的是物而不是人时,不能用that,只能用which。
7.非限制性定语从句所修饰的是物或是整个主句时,关系代词用which,不用that。
which, where
where和which都可用来引导定语从句,但在定语从句中的作用不同。where是关系副词用作状语,而which是关系代词用作主语或宾语等。试比较:
That's the place where we once lived.
那就是我曾经居住过的地方。
That's the place which we once visited.
那就是我曾经访问过的地方。
of which, whose
两者都可用来指物,有时用of which更好,词序一般是“ n. +of which”。在现代英语里, of which多用在书面语中。
